Of this amount, $1 billion is needed for security-related needs. It concluded that $276.8 billion is needed in infrastructure improvement over the next 20 years from 2003 through 2023 to comply with current regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported to Congress on these assessments. According to Jack Hoffbuhr, “Water utilities throughout the nation have spent hundreds of millions of dollars in infrastructure costs including water monitoring, physical security systems and emergency training and planning to protect American’s water supplies from terrorism.” The Public Security and Bioterrorism Act mandated that water systems serving over 100,000 persons must meet vulnerability assessments by March 31, 2003. The American Water Works Association (AWWA) Executive Director reports that the industry has been active trying to meet federal security deadlines. The DOJ has notified water utilities that the enforcement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) security provisions is a top federal government priority. Walters, in Introduction to Security (Tenth Edition), 2019 Water Utilities Water is used extensively not only in hydroelectric production but also in the production processes of new energy sources like fossil fuels or shale gas. Today it is one of the most important inputs for many economic activities, including water, energy and food production. One of the main reasons for the increase in demand for water is the diversification of water usage areas. The pressure on this vital value is increasing day by day. Many other adverse effects may occur in other sectors like firefighting and health services, energy, food, agriculture, and transportation systems. These conditions can cause a large number of diseases and/or casualties, and problems that can affect economic viability. These systems are vulnerable to malicious activities like pollution, physical attacks like the release of chemicals and even cyber attacks on infrastructure. The availability of sufficient and high-quality water for the people living in the area is a necessary condition for the diversity and sustainable development of the food as well as for the future of all humanity and freshwater ecosystems. The water utility systems nationwide include drinking water and wastewater systems. Tuncay Ercan, Mahir Kutay, in Solving Urban Infrastructure Problems Using Smart City Technologies, 2021 24.5.1 Overview For an effective water management system, it is important to have a water infrastructure that will meet consumer needs, to set effective process goals for a quality business, to establish rules and to perform management visually. Intelligent systems combining smart devices, services, and solutions enable an overall smart technology and provide a more efficient and sustainable management and delivery of urban water by joining with the consumers’ water consumption culture. Intelligent water usage systems use new technologies for the benefit of all stakeholders operating and using water and waste water systems, and provide a network management system for performance control of systems running to improve the effective distribution of water and waste water services, remote monitoring of material status, assessment of water availability, and real-time water consumption monitoring. Intelligent metering is also a component of the intelligent urban water network and can be classified as AMR or AMI. The use of IM technology is shaped by the support of water service providers (government water works and municipalities), consumers, social, economic, and technological actors. Smart water measurements allow real-time or near-real-time reading of water consumption. Īdditional infrastructure needs and maintenance of the system should be planned.The personnel working in all relevant levels of the system must have the appropriate competence Pipes, tanks, and pumps that make up the system must have proper operating conditions In the light of these official documents that apply to almost all countries, the following examples can be given for some of the basic principles of water management: Official documents prepared by public institutions ensure that they can work with local authorities and that the whole system is legally audited with regard to the protection of public health through strategic planning. Water utility system management is integral to enabling the system to achieve and maintain compliance with Safe Drinking Water Act (the federal law that protects public drinking water supplies in the United States) requirements.
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